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The National Security Council (NSC) of India is the principal body responsible for advising the Prime Minister on matters related to national security and strategic issues. Established in 1998 under the leadership of Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee, the NSC plays a critical role in the formulation of national security policies, addressing challenges related to…

The Kyoto Protocol is an international treaty that aimed to combat climate change by reducing greenhouse gas emissions. It was adopted in Kyoto, Japan, on December 11, 1997, and entered into force on February 16, 2005. The protocol was negotiated under the framework of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), which was…

The Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC) is an international organization comprising seven countries from South Asia and Southeast Asia that are linked by the Bay of Bengal. Established in 1997, BIMSTEC aims to foster regional cooperation in various sectors, including trade, technology, energy, environment, tourism, and cultural exchange. The…

The Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) is an international treaty aimed at preventing the spread of nuclear weapons and promoting the peaceful use of nuclear energy. Signed in 1968, it has been one of the cornerstones of global efforts to prevent nuclear warfare and ensure nuclear security. The treaty has three main objectives: India, however, has consistently…

India and the United States share a complex and multifaceted relationship, characterized by periods of cooperation, competition, and divergence. The post-Cold War era, particularly after the 1990s, marked a significant shift in India-US relations, transforming them from a phase of Cold War-era rivalry to one of strategic partnership. The evolving nature of this relationship can…

Indian foreign policy is shaped by a combination of historical factors, geopolitical considerations, economic needs, and strategic interests. The key determinants that influence India’s foreign policy include: In conclusion, India’s foreign policy is a complex and multifaceted approach influenced by historical, geopolitical, economic, and strategic factors. It seeks to protect its sovereignty, enhance economic growth,…

The ‘Nehruvian Consensus’ refers to the set of guiding principles and policies formulated by Jawaharlal Nehru, India’s first Prime Minister, which shaped the country’s foreign policy in the early years after its independence in 1947. This consensus, primarily influenced by Nehru’s ideals and vision, became the cornerstone of Indian foreign policy for several decades and…

India’s foreign policy is shaped by a combination of domestic and international factors. These factors determine the direction, priorities, and strategies that India adopts to navigate the global landscape. The key factors contributing to the conduct of India’s foreign policy include historical experiences, geographic location, political leadership, economic considerations, and international developments. 1.1. Historical Experience…

Non-alignment refers to the foreign policy adopted by India and several other newly independent nations after World War II. This policy was primarily driven by the desire to avoid alignment with any of the major power blocs during the Cold War — notably the United States-led Western bloc and the Soviet-led Eastern bloc. It was…

India’s foreign policy has been subject to significant changes in response to evolving global and regional trends. These international trends, ranging from geopolitical shifts to economic transformations, have influenced India’s approach to diplomacy, security, and international relations. The evolving nature of global power dynamics, technological advancements, and emerging global challenges have all shaped India’s foreign…

Indian foreign policy has been influenced by a wide range of factors, including historical experiences, economic imperatives, security concerns, and regional dynamics. Among these, political parties have played a crucial role in shaping India’s foreign policy. While the country’s foreign policy has traditionally been formulated by the Executive Branch, primarily the Prime Minister, Ministry of…

Indira Gandhi, India’s first and only female Prime Minister to date, played a pivotal role in shaping the country’s foreign policy. Serving as the Prime Minister from 1966-1977 and again from 1980-1984, her tenure saw major shifts in India’s international relations, as well as significant transformations in its approach to global challenges. Indira Gandhi’s foreign…