Tag: india

Pokhran-II refers to a series of nuclear tests conducted by India in May 1998 at the Pokhran Test Range in the Thar Desert of Rajasthan. These tests were a follow-up to India’s first nuclear test, Smiling Buddha, which was carried out in 1974. Pokhran-II was a significant milestone in India’s nuclear capabilities, as it demonstrated…

The role of the Prime Minister’s Office (PMO) in India has evolved significantly over the years, especially in the domain of foreign policy-making. Traditionally, foreign policy in India was managed by the Ministry of External Affairs (MEA), but over time, the PMO has gained substantial influence in shaping the country’s international relations. This shift has…

In a democratic setup like India, foreign policy is not the exclusive domain of the ruling party or the executive; it involves multiple stakeholders, including political parties. The role of political parties in shaping and influencing India’s foreign policy has evolved, especially in the context of the country’s democratic framework, where electoral processes and political…

The post-Cold War era, which began in the early 1990s with the dissolution of the Soviet Union, has significantly altered the dynamics of international relations. This transformation is particularly visible in the relationship between the United States and the European Union (EU). While the Cold War period defined much of their interaction—focused primarily on mutual…

India-China relations have witnessed significant transformation over the past few decades. The two countries, once adversaries, have evolved into complex partners, both in economic and geopolitical dimensions, albeit with continuing challenges. Conclusion: Emerging trends in India-China relations reflect a balance of competition and cooperation. Economic interdependence continues to grow, yet geopolitical and strategic differences, especially…

Indo-Russian relations have undergone significant changes since the mid-1990s, marked by evolving strategic, economic, and political engagement. The dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 created a new world order, with Russia emerging as an independent state. This transformation prompted India to recalibrate its foreign policy, shifting from a Soviet-centric approach to engaging with the…

India’s foreign policy toward South Asia has been shaped by its historical, cultural, geographical, and strategic interests. As the largest country in the region, India plays a dominant role in shaping the political, economic, and security landscape of South Asia. India’s approach to its neighbors is influenced by its goals of regional stability, economic integration,…

The National Security Council (NSC) is the apex body responsible for addressing issues related to India’s national security. It functions as an advisory body to the Prime Minister and is tasked with formulating policies related to the country’s security and defense, including internal and external threats, economic security, and cyber security. 1. Establishment and Purpose…

India’s worldview has undergone several transformations since its independence in 1947. These transformations are the result of changing geopolitical environments, shifts in global power structures, and India’s domestic political landscape. Initially driven by the post-colonial context, India’s foreign policy was founded on the principles of sovereignty, self-reliance, and the desire to avoid colonial dominance or…

The perspective of interdependence plays a central role in understanding contemporary world politics. It refers to the complex web of connections and relationships that bind countries and regions together in economic, political, social, environmental, and technological spheres. Interdependence challenges traditional ideas of sovereign, self-reliant nation-states and suggests that no country operates in complete isolation. Instead,…

Non-alignment and the Nehruvian Consensus were the cornerstones of India’s foreign policy during the post-independence era. These concepts played a vital role in shaping India’s position on the global stage, particularly during the Cold War. Both Non-alignment and the Nehruvian Consensus are rooted in India’s aspirations for sovereignty, peace, and the equitable development of nations,…

India’s economic status has had a profound impact on the formulation and execution of its foreign policy. Economic strength and vulnerability have consistently shaped India’s diplomatic engagements, guiding its strategic choices and its relations with both neighboring countries and global powers. India’s economic journey from independence to the present has been characterized by various phases,…