IGNOUMATIC

India’s foreign policy has been subject to significant changes in response to evolving global and regional trends. These international trends, ranging from geopolitical shifts to economic transformations, have influenced India’s approach to diplomacy, security, and international relations. The evolving nature of global power dynamics, technological advancements, and emerging global challenges…

Non-alignment refers to the foreign policy adopted by India and several other newly independent nations after World War II. This policy was primarily driven by the desire to avoid alignment with any of the major power blocs during the Cold War — notably the United States-led Western bloc and the…

India’s foreign policy is shaped by a combination of domestic and international factors. These factors determine the direction, priorities, and strategies that India adopts to navigate the global landscape. The key factors contributing to the conduct of India’s foreign policy include historical experiences, geographic location, political leadership, economic considerations, and…

Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) have become indispensable actors in the global governance landscape, particularly in relation to the United Nations (UN). NGOs are typically independent from government control and are focused on a variety of issues, including human rights, environmental protection, healthcare, education, and humanitarian aid. Their contribution to the United…

The Kyoto Protocol is one of the most significant international agreements aimed at addressing climate change. It was adopted in Kyoto, Japan, on December 11, 1997 and entered into force on February 16, 2005. The agreement forms part of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), and its…

Humanitarian intervention is a concept in international relations and law that refers to the use of force by a state or a coalition of states in the territory of another state, without the consent of its government, to prevent or stop widespread violations of human rights, particularly those such as…

Crisis management refers to the process of preparing for, responding to, and recovering from a crisis, typically a critical event or situation that disrupts normal operations, causes significant harm, and requires immediate intervention. Crises are inherently unpredictable, and they can arise from a variety of sources, such as natural disasters,…

International terrorism has emerged as one of the most pressing security challenges of the modern era, affecting not only the countries directly involved but also global peace and stability. Terrorism, in its many forms, continues to transcend borders, often involving non-state actors, organized networks, and complex ideological motives. India, as…

West Asia, a region characterized by its complex political landscape, strategic importance, and long-standing conflicts, holds significant geopolitical relevance for India. The region’s crises, particularly those involving Israel-Palestine, Syria, Iraq, Iran, and the wider Arab Spring, have far-reaching implications for global security, energy, and international diplomacy. As a country with…

India’s foreign policy-making is influenced by a combination of historical legacies, national interests, and evolving geopolitical factors. While the formal conduct of foreign relations in India is the responsibility of the Executive—primarily the Prime Minister (PM) and the Ministry of External Affairs (MEA)—political parties play a significant role in shaping…

India’s foreign policy, since its independence in 1947, has been shaped by a combination of its historical experiences, strategic objectives, and the global political environment. The guiding principles of India’s foreign policy are rooted in the ideals of non-alignment, peaceful coexistence, and multilateralism. As a developing country with a rich…