Category: political-science

Regional cooperation is central to addressing the global challenges faced by states today, particularly in the areas of trade, security, and environmental sustainability. In contemporary international relations, regional cooperation has evolved into a significant tool for addressing shared problems and advancing collective interests, especially in an era of globalization. 1. Economic and Trade Cooperation Regional…

India’s Look East Policy (LEP) was a significant shift in India’s foreign policy approach, aimed at fostering stronger economic, political, and security ties with the countries of East and Southeast Asia. This policy was formally initiated in the early 1990s, primarily under the leadership of Prime Minister P.V. Narasimha Rao, and became more prominent during…

India’s response to the Iraq crisis—particularly the 2003 invasion of Iraq led by the United States—was shaped by a combination of its longstanding foreign policy principles, regional security interests, and international relationships. This response underscores India’s evolving position in global geopolitics, its commitment to multilateralism, and its strategic considerations in the Middle East and broader…

India’s role in the United Nations (UN) has been a cornerstone of its foreign policy, reflecting its commitment to multilateralism, international peace, and the promotion of social justice. India, a founding member of the UN, has always supported the principles of the UN Charter and emphasized its role in fostering a rules-based international order. Over…

International terrorism refers to terrorist activities that transcend national borders and involve non-state actors or groups engaging in acts of violence with global implications. These acts are typically aimed at achieving political, ideological, or religious goals and can target civilian populations, infrastructure, or governments. International terrorism is distinct in that it involves cross-border coordination, global…

Pokhran-II refers to a series of nuclear tests conducted by India in May 1998 at the Pokhran Test Range in the Thar Desert of Rajasthan. These tests were a follow-up to India’s first nuclear test, Smiling Buddha, which was carried out in 1974. Pokhran-II was a significant milestone in India’s nuclear capabilities, as it demonstrated…

The role of the Prime Minister’s Office (PMO) in India has evolved significantly over the years, especially in the domain of foreign policy-making. Traditionally, foreign policy in India was managed by the Ministry of External Affairs (MEA), but over time, the PMO has gained substantial influence in shaping the country’s international relations. This shift has…

The Kashmir conflict is one of the most longstanding and complex disputes between India and Pakistan, with its roots stretching back to the partition of British India in 1947. The issue of Kashmir is not merely a territorial dispute but also encompasses deep-seated cultural, religious, political, and strategic dimensions. The importance of Kashmir in India-Pakistan…

India’s relationship with Southeast Asia has evolved over time, particularly in the domain of security cooperation. The region is of strategic importance to India, and India has sought to build stronger security ties with Southeast Asian nations to safeguard its interests in the Indo-Pacific region. This cooperation spans areas like counterterrorism, maritime security, disaster relief,…

The Prime Minister’s Office (PMO) is a critical institution in India’s governance structure, functioning as the principal mechanism for supporting and advising the Prime Minister (PM) in the formulation and implementation of policies. It is not a constitutional body, but it plays a crucial role in the administration and day-to-day functioning of the government. 1….

The National Security Council (NSC) is the apex body responsible for addressing issues related to India’s national security. It functions as an advisory body to the Prime Minister and is tasked with formulating policies related to the country’s security and defense, including internal and external threats, economic security, and cyber security. 1. Establishment and Purpose…

India’s worldview has undergone several transformations since its independence in 1947. These transformations are the result of changing geopolitical environments, shifts in global power structures, and India’s domestic political landscape. Initially driven by the post-colonial context, India’s foreign policy was founded on the principles of sovereignty, self-reliance, and the desire to avoid colonial dominance or…