France has played a central role in the creation, development, and shaping of the European Union (EU), especially in the formative years following the end of World War II. As one of the founding members of both the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) and the European Economic Community (EEC), France has consistently sought to…
The European Union’s development policy plays a crucial role in the EU’s external relations and its commitment to global peace, security, and sustainable development. The policy aims to contribute to reducing poverty, promoting sustainable development, and fostering global peace through cooperation with developing countries. Over the years, the EU has shaped its development policy to…
The Marxian approach to studying state politics is rooted in the philosophy of historical materialism, which suggests that the structure of society is primarily determined by its economic base. According to Karl Marx, the state is not a neutral or impartial entity but rather a tool that serves the interests of the ruling economic class….
The European Court of Justice (ECJ), established in 1952, is the highest judicial authority within the European Union (EU). It is located in Luxembourg and plays a central role in ensuring the uniform application and interpretation of EU law across all member states. The ECJ is tasked with upholding the legal order of the European…
The European Union (EU) and the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) represent two distinct regional organizations: the EU is a political and economic union primarily composed of European countries, while SAARC is a regional organization comprising countries from South Asia. Despite their different structures, these organizations engage in various forms of cooperation, both…
In the study of state politics in India, two significant theoretical frameworks are the systemic and post-modernist approaches. Both offer distinct perspectives on how the state operates, the nature of political power, and the dynamics of governance in India. These frameworks help scholars and analysts understand the political landscape of India, where federalism, social hierarchies,…
Meaning of Social Movements: A social movement is a collective, organized, and sustained effort by a large group of people to promote or resist social change. According to sociologist Charles Tilly, social movements are “a series of contentious performances, displays, and campaigns by which ordinary people make collective claims on others.” These movements typically arise…
New social movements (NSMs) are a type of collective action that emerged in the latter half of the 20th century, primarily in the developed world but also influencing global social dynamics. These movements differ significantly from traditional social movements in both form and content. They focus not only on economic and political demands but also…
The Theory of Relative Deprivation is a sociological concept that helps explain why individuals or groups feel discontented and why such feelings can lead to collective action or social movements. Unlike absolute deprivation, which refers to a lack of basic resources, relative deprivation is based on perceived inequality — when people compare themselves to others…
Pre-modern Indian political thought is a vast and complex tradition that has evolved over thousands of years. The political philosophies of ancient India were deeply interwoven with the broader cultural, spiritual, and moral values of the time. The key distinctive features of pre-modern Indian political thought are rooted in the ancient scriptures, epics, and treatises…
The political thought of ancient India, which spanned several centuries, is a rich and complex tradition rooted in the social, cultural, and religious fabric of the time. It presents an intricate blend of philosophical ideas, practical governance, and moral principles. The major features of political thought in ancient India can be understood through a study…
Introduction Democracy is widely regarded as one of the most significant political developments in human history. It empowers people to choose their representatives, express their opinions, and participate in governance. India, the world’s largest democracy, offers a unique and vibrant example of democratic practice in a diverse and complex society. With over 900 million eligible…