Communal politics refers to the use of religious, ethnic, or communal identities for political purposes, often involving the manipulation of these identities to mobilize support or create divisions within society. In contemporary India, communal politics has been a significant and often contentious aspect of the political landscape, particularly since the 1980s. The interplay between religion, politics, and identity has shaped not only electoral outcomes but also the social fabric of the nation.
1. Historical Context and Rise of Communal Politics
Communal politics in India has roots in the colonial period, when the British colonial government used a “divide and rule” policy that emphasized the differences between religious communities. The partition of India in 1947 along religious lines further entrenched the division between Hindus and Muslims, creating a legacy of religious tension. After independence, India adopted a secular constitution that enshrined equal treatment for all religions. However, religious identities have continued to play a significant role in political life, often leading to tensions and conflicts.
In the post-independence period, particularly in the 1980s and beyond, there was a growing mobilization of religious identities for political purposes. The rise of Hindu nationalism, in particular, marked a shift in Indian politics, with political parties using religion as a tool to galvanize voter bases and shape the political discourse.
2. Role of Hindu Nationalism
One of the most prominent expressions of communal politics in contemporary India is the rise of Hindu nationalism, which seeks to establish the primacy of Hindu culture, religion, and values in the Indian state. This ideology is closely associated with the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and its ideological parent, the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS).
- The Babri Masjid and the Ram Janmabhoomi Movement: A key turning point in the rise of communal politics in India was the Babri Masjid demolition in 1992. The BJP and its allies spearheaded the Ram Janmabhoomi movement, which called for the construction of a Ram temple at the site of the Babri Masjid in Ayodhya. This event led to widespread communal violence and riots, exacerbating Hindu-Muslim tensions across the country. The event played a crucial role in the rise of the BJP, as the party positioned itself as the champion of Hindu causes.
- Hindu-Muslim Divide: The focus on issues such as the construction of Hindu temples, cow protection, and other matters of religious significance has often been used to appeal to Hindu voters. While these issues may be of cultural importance to many Hindus, their political exploitation has deepened the divide between religious communities, particularly between Hindus and Muslims.
3. The Muslim Question and Political Mobilization
On the other side of communal politics is the Muslim question—the political representation and rights of Muslims in India. Muslim voters, who constitute about 14% of India’s population, have often been seen as a bloc to be courted by political parties, particularly during elections.
- Secular Parties and Muslim Votes: Political parties such as the Indian National Congress (INC) have historically tried to appeal to Muslim voters by emphasizing secularism and inclusivity. However, in the face of growing Hindu nationalism, Muslim parties and leaders have often sought to secure the interests of their community through affirmative action policies, reservation, and political mobilization.
- Rise of Muslim Identity Politics: The rise of Islamic political movements in the 1980s and 1990s, including groups like the Jamaat-e-Islami and the All India Muslim League, has led to greater political mobilisation within the Muslim community. Some Muslim leaders have advocated for the protection of Muslim identity and culture, while others have sought greater political power and representation within the Indian state.
- The Gujarat Riots (2002): One of the most significant and tragic episodes in contemporary communal politics in India was the 2002 Gujarat riots. The violence, which erupted after a train fire in Godhra that killed Hindu pilgrims, resulted in widespread massacres of Muslims. The role of the state government, led by then-Chief Minister Narendra Modi, in the violence has been a source of controversy. The events further deepened communal divisions and contributed to the politicization of the Muslim community in India.
4. Politics of Religious Polarization
In recent years, there has been an increase in religious polarization in India, where political parties and leaders often use communal rhetoric to mobilize voters. This is particularly evident in elections where issues such as religion, caste, and identity are central to the discourse.
- Electoral Strategies: Politicians often use religious identity as a way to consolidate their voter base. The BJP, for instance, has been accused of exploiting Hindu religious sentiments to gain votes, while at the same time, Muslim political groups may emphasize the importance of religious identity to secure their community’s interests.
- Social Media and Communal Rhetoric: The rise of social media has further amplified the spread of communal narratives. Fake news, inflammatory speeches, and hate messages targeting religious minorities have become a significant part of election campaigns, particularly in the run-up to national and state elections. This has led to increased tension and division in society, further entrenching communal identities.
5. The Impact on Secularism and Social Harmony
The growing influence of communal politics has had a profound impact on India’s secular fabric. Secularism, which was a cornerstone of India’s constitution, has been increasingly challenged by the rise of religious nationalism. The polarization of communities, particularly between Hindus and Muslims, has created an atmosphere of suspicion and mistrust. This has led to incidents of communal violence, discrimination, and social unrest, which undermine the unity of the country.
Moreover, the role of communal politics in elections has shifted the focus away from issues of governance, development, and social justice. Political debates are often centered around identity, religion, and religious symbols, leaving little room for constructive dialogue on issues like poverty, education, healthcare, and employment.
6. The Role of Political Parties and Civil Society
- Political Parties: Both national and regional parties have played a role in either promoting or countering communal politics. While the BJP and its allies have been associated with promoting Hindu nationalism, other parties, including the Congress, have attempted to position themselves as secular alternatives, although they too have occasionally relied on religious vote banks.
- Civil Society: There have been significant efforts by civil society groups to challenge the rise of communal politics. Activists, social organizations, and individuals have advocated for secularism, religious tolerance, and peaceful coexistence. These groups have often organized protests, public discussions, and campaigns to counter hate speech and communal violence.
Conclusion
Communal politics in contemporary India is a complex and evolving phenomenon. While it is rooted in historical legacies, its modern form is heavily influenced by the rise of religious nationalism and identity-based politics. The use of religion to mobilize voters has deepened social divisions and has led to the marginalization of religious minorities, particularly Muslims. To preserve India’s secular and pluralistic identity, it is crucial for political leaders and civil society to work towards fostering religious tolerance, unity, and inclusive development that transcends communal divides.